“Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat.”
-Anonimo
It took me so long to make a stance on this issue regarding the denial by the High Court of the Motion for Reconsideration filed by the respondent Senate Committees before it. I was busy preparing for the Bar Operations 2008, both for the Institute of Law and Tau Kappa Phi, that I relegated to the sidelines an issue, which to me is an epochal blunder of the Puno Court. Needless to say, the time is ripe to comment on the main ponencia, the doctrinal "development" of this En Banc decision, and its subsequent ramifications on future Supreme Court rulings on the matter.
The Supreme Court, through the ponente Justice Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, resolved to stay with the assailed Decision rendered by it in 25 March 2008 (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") despite the motion for reconsideration brought by the respondent Senate Committees on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations, Trade and Commerce, and National Defense and Security (collectively the "respondent Committees"). The assailed Decision granted the petition for certiorari filed by petitioner Romulo L. Neri against them.
FACTS:
A recital of the facts, lifted directly from the decision of the Supreme Court, is necessarily in order:
On September 26, 2007, petitioner appeared before respondent Committees and testified for about eleven (11) hours on matters concerning the National Broadband Project (the "NBN Project"), a project awarded by the Department of Transportation and Communications ("DOTC") to Zhong Xing Telecommunications Equipment ("ZTE"). Petitioner disclosed that then Commission on Elections ("COMELEC") Chairman Benjamin Abalos offered him P200 Million in exchange for his approval of the NBN Project. He further narrated that he informed President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ("President Arroyo") of the bribery attempt and that she instructed him not to accept the bribe. However, when probed further on President Arroyo and petitioner's discussions relating to the NBN Project, petitioner refused to answer, invoking "executive privilege." To be specific, petitioner refused to answer questions on: (a) whether or not President Arroyo followed up the NBN Project, (b) whether or not she directed him to prioritize it, and (c) whether or not she directed him to approve it.
Respondent Committees persisted in knowing petitioner's answers to these three questions by requiring him to appear and testify once more on November 20, 2007. On November 15, 2007, Executive Secretary Eduardo R. Ermita wrote to respondent Committees and requested them to dispense with petitioner's testimony on the ground of executive privilege. The letter of Executive Secretary Ermita pertinently stated:
Following the ruling in Senate v. Ermita, the foregoing questions fall under conversations and correspondence between the President and public officials which are considered executive privilege (Almonte v. Vasquez, G.R. 95637, 23 May 1995; Chavez v. PEA, G.R. 133250, July 9, 2002). Maintaining the confidentiality of conversations of the President is necessary in the exercise of her executive and policy decision making process. The expectation of a President to the confidentiality of her conversations and correspondences, like the value which we accord deference for the privacy of all citizens, is the necessity for protection of the public interest in candid, objective, and even blunt or harsh opinions in Presidential decision-making. Disclosure of conversations of the President will have a chilling effect on the President, and will hamper her in the effective discharge of her duties and responsibilities, if she is not protected by the confidentiality of her conversations.
The context in which executive privilege is being invoked is that the information sought to be disclosed might impair our diplomatic as well as economic relations with the People's Republic of China. Given the confidential nature in which these information were conveyed to the President, he cannot provide the Committee any further details of these conversations, without disclosing the very thing the privilege is designed to protect.
In light of the above considerations, this Office is constrained to invoke the settled doctrine of executive privilege as refined in Senate v. Ermita, and has advised Secretary Neri accordingly.
Considering that Sec. Neri has been lengthily interrogated on the subject in an unprecedented 11-hour hearing, wherein he has answered all questions propounded to him except the foregoing questions involving executive privilege, we therefore request that his testimony on 20 November 2007 on the ZTE / NBN project be dispensed with.
On November 20, 2007, petitioner did not appear before respondent Committees upon orders of the President invoking executive privilege. On November 22, 2007, the respondent Committees issued the show-cause letter requiring him to explain why he should not be cited in contempt. On November 29, 2007, in petitioner's reply to respondent Committees, he manifested that it was not his intention to ignore the Senate hearing and that he thought the only remaining questions were those he claimed to be covered by executive privilege. He also manifested his willingness to appear and testify should there be new matters to be taken up. He just requested that he be furnished "in advance as to what else" he "needs to clarify."
Respondent Committees found petitioner's explanations unsatisfactory. Without responding to his request for advance notice of the matters that he should still clarify, they issued the Order dated January 30, 2008; In Re: P.S. Res. Nos. 127,129,136 & 144; and privilege speeches of Senator Lacson and Santiago (all on the ZTE-NBN Project), citing petitioner in contempt of respondent Committees and ordering his arrest and detention at the Office of the Senate Sergeant-at-Arms until such time that he would appear and give his testimony.
On the same date, petitioner moved for the reconsideration of the above Order.[8] He insisted that he had not shown "any contemptible conduct worthy of contempt and arrest." He emphasized his willingness to testify on new matters, but respondent Committees did not respond to his request for advance notice of questions. He also mentioned the petition for certiorari he previously filed with this Court on December 7, 2007. According to him, this should restrain respondent Committees from enforcing the order dated January 30, 2008 which declared him in contempt and directed his arrest and detention.
Petitioner then filed his Supplemental Petition for Certiorari (with Urgent Application for TRO/Preliminary Injunction) on February 1, 2008. In the Court's Resolution dated February 4, 2008, the parties were required to observe the status quo prevailing prior to the Order dated January 30, 2008.
On March 25, 2008, the Court granted his petition for certiorari on two grounds: first, the communications elicited by the three (3) questions were covered by executive privilege; and second, respondent Committees committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the contempt order. Anent the first ground, we considered the subject communications as falling under the presidential communications privilege because (a) they related to a quintessential and non-delegable power of the President, (b) they were received by a close advisor of the President, and (c) respondent Committees failed to adequately show a compelling need that would justify the limitation of the privilege and the unavailability of the information elsewhere by an appropriate investigating authority. As to the second ground, we found that respondent Committees committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the contempt order because (a) there was a valid claim of executive privilege, (b) their invitations to petitioner did not contain the questions relevant to the inquiry, (c) there was a cloud of doubt as to the regularity of the proceeding that led to their issuance of the contempt order, (d) they violated Section 21, Article VI of the Constitution because their inquiry was not in accordance with the "duly published rules of procedure," and (e) they issued the contempt order arbitrarily and precipitately.
ISSUE/S:
On appeal, the Senate Committees raised the following assignment of errors:
(1) whether or not there is a recognized presumptive presidential communications privilege in our legal system;
(2) whether or not there is factual or legal basis to hold that the communications elicited by the three (3) questions are covered by executive privilege;
(3) whether or not respondent Committees have shown that the communications elicited by the three (3) questions are critical to the exercise of their functions; and
(4) whether or not respondent Committees committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the contempt order.
RULING:
There Is a Recognized Presumptive
Presidential Communications Privilege
Respondent Committees' observation that this Court's Decision reversed the "presumption that inclines heavily against executive secrecy and in favor of disclosure" arises from a piecemeal interpretation of the said Decision. The Court has repeatedly held that in order to arrive at the true intent and meaning of a decision, no specific portion thereof should be isolated and resorted to, but the decision must be considered in its entirety.
The constitutional infirmity found in the blanket authorization to invoke executive privilege granted by the President to executive officials in Sec. 2(b) of E.O. No. 464 does not obtain in this case.
In this case, it was the President herself, through Executive Secretary Ermita, who invoked executive privilege on a specific matter involving an executive agreement between the Philippines and China, which was the subject of the three (3) questions propounded to petitioner Neri in the course of the Senate Committees' investigation. Thus, the factual setting of this case markedly differs from that passed upon in Senate v. Ermita.
Clearly, therefore, even Senate v. Ermita adverts to "a presumptive privilege for Presidential communication," which was recognized early on in Almonte v. Vasquez. To construe the passage in Senate v. Ermita adverted to in the Motion for Reconsideration of respondent Committees, referring to the non-existence of a "presumptive authorization" of an executive official, to mean that the "presumption" in favor of executive privilege "inclines heavily against executive secrecy and in favor of disclosure" is to distort the ruling in the Senate v. Ermita and make the same engage in self-contradiction.
Thus, if what is involved is the presumptive privilege of presidential communications when invoked by the President on a matter clearly within the domain of the Executive, the said presumption dictates that the same be recognized and be given preference or priority, in the absence of proof of a compelling or critical need for disclosure by the one assailing such presumption. Any construction to the contrary will render meaningless the presumption accorded by settled jurisprudence in favor of executive privilege. In fact, Senate v. Ermita reiterates jurisprudence citing "the considerations justifying a presumptive privilege for Presidential communications."
There Are Factual and Legal Bases to
Hold that the Communications Elicited by the Three (3) Questions Are
Covered by Executive Privilege
The fact that a power is subject to the concurrence of another entity does not make such power less executive. "Quintessential" is defined as the most perfect embodiment of something, the concentrated essence of substance. On the other hand, "non-delegable" means that a power or duty cannot be delegated to another or, even if delegated, the responsibility remains with the obligor. The power to enter into an executive agreement is in essence an executive power. This authority of the President to enter into executive agreements without the concurrence of the Legislature has traditionally been recognized in Philippine jurisprudence. Now, the fact that the President has to secure the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, which shall submit to Congress a complete report of its decision before contracting or guaranteeing foreign loans, does not diminish the executive nature of the power.
The inviolate doctrine of separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government by no means prescribes absolute autonomy in the discharge by each branch of that part of the governmental power assigned to it by the sovereign people. There is the corollary doctrine of checks and balances, which has been carefully calibrated by the Constitution to temper the official acts of each of these three branches. The executive power to enter or not to enter into a contract to secure foreign loans does not become less executive in nature because of conditions laid down in the Constitution. The final decision in the exercise of the said executive power is still lodged in the Office of the President.
It must be stressed that the doctrine of "operational proximity" was laid down in In re: Sealed Case precisely to limit the scope of the presidential communications privilege. The U.S. court was aware of the dangers that a limitless extension of the privilege risks and, therefore, carefully cabined its reach by explicitly confining it to White House staff, and not to staffs of the agencies, and then only to White House staff that has "operational proximity" to direct presidential decision-making. In the case at bar, the danger of expanding the privilege "to a large swath of the executive branch" (a fear apparently entertained by respondents) is absent because the official involved here is a member of the Cabinet, thus, properly within the term "advisor" of the President; in fact, her alter ego and a member of her official family. Nevertheless, in circumstances in which the official involved is far too remote, this Court also mentioned in the Decision the organizational test laid down in Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Department of Justice.
It must be stressed that the President's claim of executive privilege is not merely founded on her generalized interest in confidentiality. The Letter dated November 15, 2007 of Executive Secretary Ermita specified presidential communications privilege in relation to diplomatic and economic relations with another sovereign nation as the bases for the claim. Even in Senate v. Ermita, it was held that Congress must not require the Executive to state the reasons for the claim with such particularity as to compel disclosure of the information which the privilege is meant to protect. This is a matter of respect for a coordinate and co-equal department. The privileged character of diplomatic negotiations has been recognized in this jurisdiction. In discussing valid limitations on the right to information, the Court in Chavez v. PCGG held that "information on inter-government exchanges prior to the conclusion of treaties and executive agreements may be subject to reasonable safeguards for the sake of national interest."
Considering that the information sought through the three (3) questions subject of this Petition involves the President's dealings with a foreign nation, with more reason, this Court is wary of approving the view that Congress may peremptorily inquire into not only official, documented acts of the President but even her confidential and informal discussions with her close advisors on the pretext that said questions serve some vague legislative need.
Respondent Committees Failed to Show That
the Communications Elicited by the Three Questions
Are Critical to the Exercise of their Functions
At the outset, it must be clarified that the Decision did not pass upon the nature of respondent Committees' inquiry into the NBN Project. To reiterate, this Court recognizes respondent Committees' power to investigate the NBN Project in aid of legislation. However, this Court cannot uphold the view that when a constitutionally guaranteed privilege or right is validly invoked by a witness in the course of a legislative investigation, the legislative purpose of respondent Committees' questions can be sufficiently supported by the expedient of mentioning statutes and/or pending bills to which their inquiry as a whole may have relevance. The jurisprudential test laid down by this Court in past decisions on executive privilege is that the presumption of privilege can only be overturned by a showing of compelling need for disclosure of the information covered by executive privilege.
There is no need to include the Court's ruling on the
Grave Abuse of Discretion in issuing Contempt Order
These ruling has upheld substantially the ruling in the first decision.
DECRETAL PORTION:
WHEREFORE, respondent Committees' Motion for Reconsideration dated April 8, 2008 is hereby DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Corona, Tinga Chico-Nazario, Velasco, Jr., Nachura, and Brion, JJ., concur.
Puno, C.J., please see Dissenting Opinion
Quisumbing, J., pls. see Separate Opinion.
Ynares-Santiago, and Austria-Martinez, JJ., joined the Dissent of the C.J.
Carpio, J., maintained his Dissent.
Carpio Morales, J., dissents to the main ponencia remains
Azcuna, J., maintanined his Dissent and joined the C.J.
Reyes, J., pls. see Separate Opinion
This is how the retired Supreme Court Chief Justice, Bro. Artemio V. Panganiban described the main decision penned by Justice Leonardo-de Castro. Aptly so, the reiteration of that decision in their resolution on the Motion for Reconsideration could be labeled as a Deadly Knock-out punch on the quest for executive transparency, legislative inquiry and judicial integrity.
The implication of this decision of the Supreme Court would be hard to predict. But basing it from past decisions and the reaction of Malacañang, I am quite certain that a controversy would again test the limits of this ruling. Who would have expected that after only two (2) years, the great leaps made by Philippine jurisprudence regarding the balancing of interests and separation of powers would suddenly be set aside by the Court's present composition, almost all of whom were among those who castigated the administration? Only two justices were added, and a sudden change of heart?
I would still like to reserve the travesty of lambasting the Court, as I still maintain affinity, if not to the justices, at least to the Court of Last Resort. They have to redeem their credibility, if only to portray a reformed judiciary characterized by the four ins – integrity, industry, intelligence, and independence – one that does not allow the plague of “ships” – kinship, relationship, friendship, and fellowship – to interfere in its work, so says retired Chief Justice Panganiban.
No comments:
Post a Comment